Posts Tagged ‘tutorial’

An example of expansion

Hi people

In my last article “Expansion…the lesser known dynamics tool” , I spoke about bringing out detail using expansion rather than compression. It wont work with all material, but in some cases, where the mix is just wrong somehow, it can bring back elements before moving to the compression stage.

This track is a good example of such material. Take a listen to the original Donald Fagen-Countermoon-source


No continuity in that sound at all hey!. The bass and snare being the culprits. I don’t think either was limited. In my opinion, what this creates, is a broken waveform going through the speaker cone. The unnatural peaks and dips force the cone to pull against itself, giving a very strange sound.


In this quick remaster, I used expansion in a few places, before moving to compression. Kind of meeting the dynamics needs half way between the two methods. I wont go into exact detail of how I went about it, but I used both multiband and wideband to lift specific lacking areas.

You will still hear what sounds like my dynamics work in a couple of places. But check the source, it’s mostly where the source issues have been made clearer….mostly .


Donald Fagen-Countermoon-remaster

As usual I’ll say this…It’s still not perfect. But it’s a more natural and listenable sound than the original.




Well, that was it, just meant as an example to the previous post. My next article on m/s eq is almost finished, so check back soon.


Thanks for stopping by


Tone

Expansion, the lesser known dynamics tool

Hi people!

Apologies for taking so long to get another article written. Been rather busy actually working on stuff.

“But Tone, what about the multiband series??”. Well…I had intended to make screencast video’s, showing and explaining with narration, exactly how to get one of these things setup. But the fact is, making them takes an age to do. So I’ve drawn up a new plan, where I will be making sets of tuition vids on many of the different areas of mastering, and the tools used. These sets will then be purchasable from the site. If you want an idea of what I have in mind, take a look at the talented Nick Maxwell’s site Nickstutorials.com .

I had never intended this to be any kind of ‘pay for’ site. But to give the best advice on tips and techniques takes a long time. So it’s a natural progression. Keep checking back for small demo’s of what will be available(when I get some time). I will however continue to post articles.

My goal remains the same…to hand on tips and methods to help you better understand your audio work, and get the best from it.

What is expansion

Simply put, it’s the exact opposite of compression . It’s main use is when working with already over compressed material, to add back dynamics. I was actually inspired to write on this subject, after working on a 70’s restoration job that needed a different approach.

The material came from LP, which as far as I can tell, had been kind of mastered by the guy who cut the disc. It’s full of nasty notches, a large wide mid lift(totally covering the low end) and a very thick sounding bass guitar. Don’t forget, this is an old recording, even if no compression was used during tracking and mixing etc, this has gone from 2 inch multitrack to 1/4 inch reel, then onto vinyl and back into digital. Plus with all the parts of the spectrum missing, it’s quite a strange sounding recording. Anyway, compressing the bass region was a no go, ….not immediately anyway. So here’s what I did:

So, to give me a more balanced start point, I used a multiband model, and expanded either side of the bass hump(which covered 80-200hzish) using shelves, plus a couple of  other expansion lifts at 190 and 250ish to keep the warmth in the vocals. I also used longer release times than I would normally, as the dynamics either side of the hump are jumping about all over the place.

What this effectively does is this: as the bass hump approaches threshold, the upper and lower shelves lift to match it “but Tone, now the whole thing is bouncing up and down”, yes, but that’s the point. Now I have a sound that I can start to push into shape, using the normal methods.

For anyone thinking “why didn’t you just compress the mid using multiband compression”, I did try that first, but it worked much better expanding first, and then using a small amount of mb comp to tighten the whole thing up. Sometimes, the way things are mixed, and the problems that are put in, need dealing with differently.

Setting up

1:Have an idea of what you want to achieve

2:If you’re using multiband expansion, find the places where you want the lifts. Find the sweetspots where the upper and lower shelves need to be, by using a small expansion ratio first, maybe 1.03:1 for example. Use a small attack time like 5ms. Too short and the expansion isn’t going to work right. Start with 100ms release. Set the threshold by hearing the blend. Don’t look at the meters!. The ones on my fav model are totally misleading(done on purpose I think).

3:Adjust ratio/amount of expansion to suit on each band.

4:Adjust attack times. Concentrate on the attack part of the music. Don’t be put off by a slightly wrong release phase at this time.

5:Blend in the expansion by adjusting the release times. Drag it around all the way from 50ms upto 1 second. Forget the numbers and dial in the sound you want.

6:Once you’ve done all that, go over the settings again and make sure it’s all working together.

Setting up a standard wide band expander is just the same as for a compressor. Set enough attack time to allow the kick through.

Once you’ve found the attack and release region you want, I find there is usually a few ms to play with for artistic input. That 1 extra ms on the attack can create a tiny delay, which can be very creative, and similar with release. Listen for a delay or hole(attack too long) or a slight thickness (attack to short). Similar deal with release times.

Conclusion

I know not everyone needs to use expansion, but it’s a powerful tool that will go some way towards fixing bad compression or mix problems. Next time you’re working on a mix where the kick is a bit loud, think “Do I want a thicker kick, by using compression, or should I lift the rest first using expansion, and then deal with overall compression.

A fellow M E recently told me “I know quite a few mastering engineers, and we all get to the end result in slightly different ways”. It’s exactly the same with different material. You could own the best compressor in the world, but it’s not always going to be the best tool for the job.

I’ll ask my customer if it’s cool to post before and after for you guys to hear.

Next up I’ll be explaining the very powerful m/s eq. So be sure to stop by real soon.

Till then, thanks for reading

Tone

Multiband compression part2

Hi

So, where were we???. Besides me regretting trying to write about such an awkward subject . As I mentioned in part 1, you need to make an assessment of what needs doing, before jumping straight on the controls.

Common example:  Heavy sub end (under 70hz) with Little or no need for compression. The idea here, is to find the crossover point for band 1/2. Like a cut off freq for where the compression stops. We can then bypass band 1, or use a small amount of gain reduction purely to blend with the settings through the other bands.

The green area through the centre, shows the compression curve. The most gain reduction being in the mid area, less at the top (squashed hi’s aren’t pretty), and least below 100hz.

Remember, this is basically a dynamic eq, and the green compression line, with its upper and lower boundaries shows that graphically.

Thinking of it as a sort of eq, may help you to realise, that for this thing to work, all it’s parts have to be working as one. The spectrum has to join together at the right times.

Setting up

As I said before, soloing in mastering can be pretty useless, as we’re working on the whole sound. First steps with a multiband compressor can be an exception. To get the main ‘problem band’ pushed into the right shape, may be easier in isolation. We first need to set the amount of gain reduction, and get the release time where it sounds right, so we can then match the other bands to it.

So…solo the problem band. This is usually band 2 (70hz ish to 500hz ish) or band 3 (500hz ish to 4kish). Those are VERY rough freq examples, the point being, the most energy in a track is below 4k , and we don’t usually compress much under 100hz, as we want the sub end to move. I love tracks that go all the way down to 10hz, and with a solid low end, but over compressing under 100hz isn’t usually the answer.

So, with band 3 soloed for instance, begin by setting a starting ratio (maybe 1.7:1) Don’t forget…as with a standard wideband compressor, you want to be paying attention to the attack time. Setting it too fast will try to compress the front of the peak, and will usually make a bad job of it!. That peak power gets dealt with by the limiter later on. So initial setup is a case of finding attack and threshold.

Check out this little vid, showing me setting up band 3. This is a raw file, with no eq etc. It’s purely for demonstration. If the captions don’t show, Click the ‘CC’ button.
Note:Any compression artefact is from the source recording. I couldn’t use a compressor at all, 10 odd years back when I mixed this

Obviously I cheated, by setting it up before doing the screen cap, to keep it short. Band 3 here is the problem band. Not that it’s badly wrong or anything, but it needs slightly inflating to make it keep up with the low end. This is a classic use of multiband, dealing mainly with the mid section. Remember….match the wrong, to the right.

Once this band is roughly setup, it’s time to make the others work with it, and I’ll show that in the next part of this series. Once you have all the bands working together, it’s time to grab those global settings to get things sounding right. But remember….mastering is about striking a balance. You may set band 3 up just the way you want, but find you have to make a slight compromise to get the whole thing sounding natural.

Well, I’ve just accidentally hit the “Publish” button. So I’ll leave this article there. The screencast stuff will become a large part of future posts etc, and will include narration and more depth as I get better setup to do so.

Apologies for this post taking so long. As well as getting the video thing going, I’ve been hands on with some mastering projects. Oh…and there was Christmas .

I’ll start working on part 3, where I’ll be showing the setup through the rest of the bands.

Thanks for stopping by, check back soon, and please leave comments!

Tone

The scary thing that is…Multiband compression

Hi people!

Yes, I know, I must be mad attempting to explain this one. But it’s a major part of mastering, so I have to try.

Note:Please have plenty of coffee to hand, this could take a while

Before I go any further, I need to say this. In my opinion, the multiband process is for fixing the dynamics across the spectrum, not for trying to be clever/creative with it. The idea, is that the low frequencies should be there at the same time as the highs. This is heavily dependant on correct release times.  If you get them wrong (and I certainly have in the past), you can make quite a harsh sound.

Introducing the controls

1:Band crossovers These select the crossover frequency between the different bands, in conjunction with…..

2:Crossover slope This selects how steep the crossover is between the bands. Not all models come with this option, but I find it priceless in achieving a more natural sound for different material .

3:Lookahead This gives the option of the compressor reading ahead by a few milliseconds to prevent threshold crushing from higher peaks. It actually gives you the choice of how much you want the compressor to react. From pumping to clean attacks. Once again, this option isn’t available on all models, but is incredibly useful in creating the sound you want.

4:Clean/vintage mode Another option that isn’t available on all models. This one makes the difference between a clean “what you put in is what you get out” sound, or the vintage option will add slight distortion to emulate hardware. It wont work on everything, but can blur the edges on material that could use a bit less clarity.

5:Band Low gain This sets the volume of the band selected when the level is below threshold. So….when that band isn’t into compression(below threshold), it will be at the set level. The really useful thing with this particular model, is that the upper&lower levels can be set, which sets the total amount of gain reduction.

6:Threshold The level where compression starts to happen in the selected band. DO NOT LOOK AT THE DISPLAY TO SET THESE!!. How far back from threshold compression starts to set in, is dependant on the knee setting (11).

7:Band hi gain This sets the amount of gain reduction. So even if you’re pushing the threshold incredibly hard, the reduction will be restricted to the set amount.

8:Band Ratio How much gain reduction for every db increase in input above threshold. Basically, a setting of 2:1 means a 1db increase allowed for every 2db above threshold. Remember when setting up, raise the ratio…raise the threshold. Don’t go mad using high ratios!, what we’re doing is balancing the dynamics across the spectrum. This isn’t the place to ramp up the volume!.

9:Band attack time How many milliseconds of signal allowed through, before compression starts, after threshold is reached. Same principle as with a standard compressor, in that the attack time depends on the gain and length of the peaks, but they vary per band to suit the needs of the spectrum. More explanation later.

10:Band release time If you’re reading this, you should already know how important the release time is. Once again, in multiband it varies to suit the spectrum. Usually starting short for low bands, and increasing through the others….usually!.

11:Band knee setting Self explanatory, this sets the knee of the compression per band. The model shown has soft/medium and hard, giving incredible control in attaining the correct compression curve. And again, not found on many models.

12:Global controls These make it easy to change all the band  release times for example. I’ll explain further later.

In addition to these controls we have the bypass/solo and mute buttons, which do exactly that for the selected band.

The Add and Delete buttons are another unique feature of this model. Giving you the option to add and have upto 6 bands, or delete them and even make this a dual band compressor (no idea why you would though). Experience will aid you in knowing how many bands you need. It really depends on the material.

Up to now, this may have seemed like an advert for the model I have used as an example. The fact is, I wanted to cover almost any control you may encounter, and it had the most.

Setting up

First step is to divide up the different areas of energy using the crossovers. With all the thresholds, ratios etc set to zero, drag the band1/2 crossover up and down between 60-100 hz. Listen to the image to find the right point. It’s like it swings left and right as you scan down and up. The sound will be more solid when you hit the right spot. I’m not going to give you any numbers for setting these, as it is totally dependant on the material.

Listen to this clip. You may hear the image change as I am dragging the lower crossover (band1/2) down from 100-50hz, then back up to 120 hz, then finally in the correct position at 79hz. Don’t be hard on yourself if you can’t immediately, but this technique is essential in mastering.

You want to set up all the crossovers using the same method. Keep paying close attention to the sound image. Get them in the right place, and it will stay more solid. If you have a selection of crossover slopes, test them now. Find the one that sounds most natural, then adjust the crossover freq’s again to suit.

Find the problem band

Before I go any further, the thing to remember, is that this is basically a dynamic eq. We are pinching certain parts of the spectrum to match the rest. So..take a listen to the individual bands, solo each one and have a listen to what’s going on. This step will become easier and faster with experience, as you start to be more critical with your analysis skills.

Are the lower bands too dynamic, so are stomping over the higher ones?. Is the low end heavily compressed and the mids too energetic?. Have some idea before jumping onto the settings, as you want to match the wrong to the right. No good adding 4db of gain reduction to an already squashed bass area. The mids and highs will sound unnaturally lifeless to match it.

First steps with the gain reduction

Soloing things in mastering can be quite counter productive, as we are working on the whole sound, and no band is an island (apologies ) . What I mean is, soloing each band and setting them up and expecting it to all be fantastic when you turn the solo’s off, isn’t going to work!. The idea is to have them all working together to make one sound.

However….for your first steps in setting up multiband, it can be less confusing to tweak the problem band in solo, and then match the others to it. This gets round the problem of making one band sound unnatural to the rest, forcing you into making wrong settings. Although you will still end up tweaking the settings for that band, once the others are close. The whole setup of multiband is very fluid.

Right, due to this being a long winded/complicated subject, this is going to be a multi part post. Apologies readers, but check back next week for part 2, where I’ll start guiding you through the other settings.

Thanks for stopping by

Tone